(social-mundane, cultural-legitimate, introvert-hostile). How this study defines "highbrow" vs. "everyday" culture.
Individuals deemed "passive" are often actively engaged in informal, everyday culture, though this rarely replaces highbrow consumption in social hierarchy terms.
The research identifies three ways people frame their lack of participation: Affirmation: Explicitly valuing other forms of engagement.
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Understanding Cultural Non-Participation in an Egalitarian Context (2022) by Riie Heikkilä explores why individuals in high-equality societies (specifically Finland) abstain from "highbrow" cultural activities, such as theater, opera, or museum visits. The book challenges the notion that these individuals are completely passive, revealing they often have active, alternative lifestyles.