Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650 — The

used massive cannons to breach the "impregnable" walls of Constantinople. He renamed it Istanbul , turning it into a thriving cosmopolitan hub and ending the Byzantine Empire. Expansion East and South

The empire began with , a tribal leader in northwest Anatolia. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650

The "Ottoman System" was designed for stability and efficiency. used massive cannons to breach the "impregnable" walls

The Ottoman Empire was one of history’s most powerful and long-lasting dynasties. Between 1300 and 1650, it transformed from a small Anatolian principality into a vast, transcontinental empire that bridged the East and West. The Rise of a Frontier State (1300–1451) The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650

: Pushed to the gates of Vienna (1529) and took most of Hungary.

: Religious minorities (Jews and Christians) governed their own communal affairs.