Sardine

Sardines belong to the family Clupeidae [5, 14]. Key species include the European sardine ( Sardina pilchardus ) [4] and the Pacific sardine ( Sardinops sagax ) [33].

The sardine, often referred to interchangeably with the pilchard [29], is a small, nutrient-dense pelagic fish of immense economic, ecological, and cultural importance [5]. This report outlines the biological classification, nutritional value, current fishery status, and emerging cultural trends surrounding this species. 1. Biological and Taxonomic Overview sardine

Organizations like the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) [27] and NOAA [33] provide annual assessments to determine total allowable catch (TAC) and ensure long-term sustainability. Sardines belong to the family Clupeidae [5, 14]