δ=(80,000)(2)(400×10-6)(200×109)delta equals the fraction with numerator open paren 80 comma 000 close paren open paren 2 close paren and denominator open paren 400 cross 10 to the negative 6 power close paren open paren 200 cross 10 to the nineth power close paren end-fraction

ϵ=δLepsilon equals the fraction with numerator delta and denominator cap L end-fraction For materials in the elastic region.

δ=PLAEdelta equals the fraction with numerator cap P cap L and denominator cap A cap E end-fraction 2. Torsion (Circular Shafts)

Bending moments cause internal stresses that vary linearly from the neutral axis.

Torsion refers to the twisting of a structural member when loaded by couples (torques). Maximum at the outer surface (