: Medieval life centered on the castle. Knights followed a code of honor and relied on the labor of serfs (dependent peasants).
: Islam emerged in the 7th century through Muhammad. The Arabs conquered vast lands from Spain to India, creating a rich culture that preserved Greek science. Life in the Middle Ages
: The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) broke out. Figures like Joan of Arc helped France unify. In England, the Magna Carta (1215) limited royal power.
