: Research now includes economic stability, energy security, and environmental threats like climate change.
: Research primarily centered on the state as the main actor and the preservation of national sovereignty. International and Security Studies Internationa...
: The focus has shifted toward protecting individuals from hunger, disease, and repression, rather than just protecting borders. : Research now includes economic stability, energy security,
: Post-colonial and gender-based studies challenge the "Eurocentric" history of the field and highlight the security needs of the Global South. ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENT AND CONTENDING APPROACHES : Research now includes economic stability
Since the 1990s, scholars have expanded the definition of security beyond military force, a process often called "widening" (new sectors) and "deepening" (new levels).