In the 19th century, scholars like Ahmed Cevdet Pasha modernized the field with works like Belagat-i Osmaniye , adapting classical Arabic rhetoric to the Ottoman Turkish language.

Classical scholars divided the study of rhetoric into three main branches:

Using an expression to imply a meaning without stating it directly.

(Rhetoric) is the traditional Islamic science of eloquence, focusing on how to convey meaning effectively, clearly, and beautifully. Rooted in the study of the Qur'an's linguistic miracles, it evolved into a sophisticated framework used to analyze literature, theology, and law. The Three Pillars of Belagat

Deals with the different ways a single idea can be expressed through imagery, such as: Tashbih (Simile): Directly comparing two things.

Today, Belagat is studied in divinity schools and literature departments as a "logic of language". It teaches students how to move beyond literal meaning to understand subtext, emotional resonance, and persuasive power.

Figures like Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani established the "Theory of Construction" (Nazm), arguing that beauty lies in the relationships between words, not just the words themselves.

Focuses on the artistic beauty of speech, including rhythm, rhyme, and wordplay (pun). Key Historical & Academic Context